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A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, or substrate,  and then a solid coating film or layer are formed on the substrate after the drying process.

In typical applications, the coating film should not be peeled off from the substrate and the purpose of coating film may be decorative, functional, or both.

In some other certain applications, a free stand film can also be made by the coating technology after the wet film is dried and peeled off from the substrate. 

Coatings may be applied as liquids, gases or solids e.g. powder coatings. 

Normally 4 key kinds of ingredient are used for coatings. 1)Binders/Film forming materials/polymers. 2) Additives. 3)Pigments/Toners/Fillers/. 4) Solvents including water.

1) Binder (Resin/Film-Former): The backbone of the coating that forms a solid film and adheres it to the substrate.  Examples: Natural and synthetic polymers like latex, polyethylene, waxes, and various resins.
2) Pigments/Extenders/Fillers: Provide color, opacity, and can also contribute to corrosion inhibition. Inexpensive materials used to add bulk, reduce cost, and enhance certain mechanical properties of the coating.  Examples: Titanium dioxide (for whiteness) and extenders or fillers (used to reduce cost and improve performance).
3) Solvent (Carrier/Dispersant): Dissolves or disperses the binder and pigments, controls viscosity for application, and then evaporates to form the solid film. Examples: Water (for water-based coatings), organic solvents, or no solvent (for powder coatings).
4) Additives: Small-quantity components that improve specific coating properties. Examples: Defoamers, wetting agents (surfactants), flow modifiers, hardeners, preservatives, and UV stabilizers.


These coatings are applied in a liquid state, but dry to leave a solid finish. 
Liquid coatings comprise a liquid carrier and solids, which are the components left once the coating is dried. 
There are numerous types of liquid coatings, solvent-based coatings, water-based coatings, high solid liquid coatings.


These coatings are applied in a fine powder state. They are based on polymer resin systems, combined with curatives, pigments, leveling agents, flow modifiers, and other additives.  These ingredients are melt mixed, cooled, and ground into a uniform powder similar to baking flour.  A process called electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) is typically used to achieve the application of the powder coating to a substrate. 


Binders

Solvent

Fillers & Pigments

Additives


Formula design