Mike Kitchens - principle scientist - ADL
The primary function of an elastomeric seal is to maintain the separation of material phases. In general, seals prevent the exit (leaking) of material from a particular system. In addition to preventing leakage they also prevent the introduction of foreign material contaminants into the same system.
Elastomeric seals can be broadly segmented into two primary categories -static seals and dynamic seals. While the basic purpose of each is the same, the design and function can be quite different. As the name suggests, static seals are not exposed to movement while dynamic seals experience a variety of types of movement.
Static seals are affixed between stationary materials and are most often held under some degree of compression. Given the elastic nature of rubber seals the material “pushes back” against the stationary material thereby forming a seal tight enough to secure the contents of the system.
Some practical examples of elastomeric static seals include: O-rings, gaskets, & washers.
Static seals such as o-rings and washers are most often single piece rubber only constructions that are inserted into a gland/opening designed specifically for the system they are intended to seal.
Gaskets can either be a single piece of rubber as shown above, or they can also be overmolded or coated onto rigid carriers made of metal, thermoplastic, or composite materials as in the examples of air intake manifold gaskets and cylinder head gaskets found on internal combustion engines.
Dynamic seals are almost always overmolded to a rigid substrate and are affixed on one side to a stationary material but experience movement of one or more other materials in contact with on the opposite side of the seal. This movement is generally either rotating or reciprocating.
Some practical examples of dynamic seals exposed to rotational motion would be engine and/or transmission shaft seals which are located at the crank shaft or drive shaft exit points of an internal combustion engine or transmission. In either case the seal serves to keep the lubricants securely inside the system while also preventing water, dirt, and debris from contaminating the same system.
The external walls of the seals are stationary and affixed into a bore. A metal shaft passes through the inner opening of the seal as it exits the engine or transmission. The internal side of the seal is in contact with the shaft which rotates at speeds ranging from 0 to over 5000 rpm in either rotational direction. The sealing element contacting the shaft, often called the lip, is usually (but not always) held in place under modest compression by a metal garter spring. In addition to the heat generated by the system itself, the movement of the shaft against the seal being forced against the metal surface by the spring creates additional frictional heating which can contribute to thermal degradation, cracking, and wearing away of the elastomeric seal material and ultimately leaking of the lubricant.
