Principle:

Karl Fischer titration is a widely used analytical method for quantifying water content in a variety of products. The fundamental principle behind it is based on the Bunsen Reaction between iodine and sulfur dioxide in an aqueous medium.

Karl Fischer Reaction: ROH + SO2 + R’N  ↔  [R’NH]SO3R + H2O + I2 + 2R’N  ↔ 2[R’NH]I + [R’NH]SO4R

The alcohol reacts with sulfur dioxide (SO2) and a base to form an intermediate alkylsulfite salt, which is then oxidized by iodine to an alkylsulfate salt. This oxidation reaction consumes water. Water and iodine are consumed in a 1:1 ratio in the above reaction. Once all of the water present is consumed, the presence of excess iodine is detected voltametrically by the titrator’s indicator electrode. The amount of water present in the sample is calculated based on the amount of iodine consumed in the titration.

Principle:

By heating the sample on the balance until constant weight. Determination of the moisture content with the loss on drying method and consists of a weighing and halogen-heating unit. 

Principle:

The analytical balance can operate by immersion method and calculate the density of the sample automatically using a software integrated into the analytical balance.

Principle:

Test the residual ash content of the sample which is calcined at high temperature. The organic part of the sample is oxidatively decomposed after burning at high temperature, and evaporates as a gas. The residual part is called ash.

Principle:

The differential viscometer has two capillaries connected in series with a sample loading/injection valve before the second capillary. Two differential pressure transducers, P1 and P2, are connected in parallel across the capillaries. A pump continuously supplies solvent flow. The ratio of the pressures P2 and P1 is proportional to the ratio of the viscosities of the fluid in capillary 2 to that in capillary 1.